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At any rate, the piezoresistivity is very weak, whether the pyrolytic carbon is present or not. A low resistivity results in a low resistance, which makes the change in resistance small. The decrease in the gage factor due to the presence of the pyrolytic carbon is consistent with the decrease in the electrical resistivity. The fact that the gage factor is much less than 2 indicates that the electrical resistivity actually decreases upon tension, even though the resistance increases upon tension. The gage factor (fractional change in resistance per unit strain, as tested under tension) is decreased from 0.33 to 0.13 due to the presence of the presence of the CVI carbon in the yarn ( Thiagarajan et al., 2014). The CVI of a CNT yarn (made by drawing and spinning a vertically aligned CNT array) with a carbon precursor (ethylene as the carbon precursor at 750☌ for up to 2 h) results in pyrolytic carbon in the yarn, thereby inhibiting sliding between the CNTs in the yarn during mechanical loading and decreasing the electrical resistivity. The gage factor is much smaller than that for carbon fiber polymer-matrix composites, which are also not as prone to damage at low strains ( Section 5.2.3). Based on curve (b) in Fig. 7.13A, the gage factor under tension is ∼3.5 at low strains and increases as the strain increases due to damage ( Wang and Chung, 1997). The effectiveness of electrical resistance–based strain sensing is inadequate, due to the low value of the gage factor and the large effect of damage on the resistance even at high strains. Chung, in Carbon Composites (Second Edition), 2017 7.21.2 Strain Sensing by Electrical Resistance Measurement
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A commercially available displacement sensor, based on the arrangement shown in Figure 2.3, has the following in its specification:ĭeborah D.L.
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Typically, this type of sensor is used for linear displacements of the order of 1 mm to 30 mm, having a non-linearity error of about ☑% of full range. Thus the gauge on the upper surface increases in resistance while that on the lower surface decreases. With strain gauges mounted as shown in Figure 2.3, when the cantilever is deflected downwards the gauge on the upper surface is stretched and the gauge on the lower surface is compressed. When the cantilever is bent, the electrical resistance strain gauges mounted on the element are strained and so give a resistance change which can be monitored and which is a measure of the displacement.
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Thus a displacement sensor might be constructed by attaching strain gauges to a cantilever ( Figure 2.3), the free end of the cantilever being moved as a result of the linear displacement being monitored.
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Strain is ‘change in length/original length’ and so the resistance change of a strain gauge is a measurement of the change in length of the gauge and hence the surface to which the strain gauge is attached. When such a strain gauge is stretched its resistance increases, and when compressed its resistance decreases. Metal strain gauges typically have gauge factors of the order of 2.0. For PVA, Poisson's ratio is equal to 0.44. For PEDOT:PSS for relative humidity ranging from 23% to 55%, Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.32 to 0.35 (0.34 at the ambient humidity). In that case, only Poisson's ratio plays a role in sensor's resistance change.įor materials used to produce our strain gauges, Poisson's ratios have been determined in many studies. It is however possible to determine the minimal theoretical gauge factor corresponding to a very small variation of dimensions that do not provoke conductive paths breakage and resistivity modifications. Gauge factor of a piezoresistive sensor with (Δρ/ρ)/ε its resistivity (ρ: Ohm × m) variation in function of its relative lengthening and ν the Poisson's ratio of the material.įor metallic strain gauges, the resistivity variation may be neglected and the gauge factor is simply related to Poisson's ratio of the conductive track.Īs stated before, for gauges using semiconductive materials such as coated layers based on composite conductive polymers (PEDOT:PSS/PVA in our case), the variations of the resistivity are important as the ratio between the conductive and nonconductive material in composite is set up at the percolation threshold.